The phenomenon is called "triboluminescence." Legendary physicist Richard Feynman explains it best: "When you take a lump of sugar and crush it with a pair of pliers in the dark, you can see a bluish flash. Some other crystals do that too. Nobody knows why." You can create triboluminescent flashes yourself by smashing Lifesavers.
The avalanche Li witnessed was rich in ice. "It started with a blocky serac, which randomly calved from a glacier near the mountain's peak," says Carson Reid, a mountaineer who analyzed Li's movie. "The serac would have fragmented as it tumbled down and smashed into natural obstacles." The most significant "smash points" seem to have produced the most blue light.
Li shared his movie with other astrophographers in China. One of them found a similar blue flash in footage of a completely different mountain in Xinjiang, China three weeks earlier:
"None of us photographers noticed the blue light with our naked eyes—it was only discovered later when reviewing the photos," says Li. "However, I asked some friends who frequently photograph snow-capped mountains, and one of them mentioned having seen blue light with the naked eye during an avalanche, though they didn’t capture it on camera."
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